@online{1LusageLogiciels,
  title = {(1) {{L}}'usage Des Logiciels Libres : Regards Croisés Entre Le {{Québec}} et La {{France}}},
  url = {https://www.academia.edu/113218003/Lusage_des_logiciels_libres_regards_crois%C3%A9s_entre_le_Qu%C3%A9bec_et_la_France?uc-sb-sw=10299076},
  urldate = {2026-01-04},
  file = {/Users/clement/Zotero/storage/VCBZ8B3A/Lusage_des_logiciels_libres_regards_croisés_entre_le_Québec_et_la_France.html}
}

@online{bigotDigitalSovereigntyWhy2025,
  title = {Digital Sovereignty: Why leaving the GAFAM is an absolute urgency (and what to replace them with) L'intelligence Artificielle pour les entreprises},
  shorttitle = {Digital Sovereignty},
  author = {Bigot, Rémy},
  date = {2025-04-25T07:11:08+00:00},
  url = {https://www.montersonbusiness.com/entreprise/digital-sovereignty-why-leaving-gafam-absolute-urgency/},
  urldate = {2026-01-04},
  abstract = {Share at: ChatGPT Perplexity WhatsApp LinkedIn X Grok Google AI The digital war is silent but ruthless. Our data, businesses, and administrations are massively dependent on GAFAM (Google, Apple, Facebook/Meta, Amazon, Microsoft). This dependence is far from trivial, exposing us to major risks: loss of strategic control, foreign interference, censorship, and economic vulnerability. 90\% of […]},
  langid = {french},
  organization = {L'intelligence Artificielle pour les entreprises},
  file = {/Users/clement/Zotero/storage/NBL7YNDZ/digital-sovereignty-why-leaving-gafam-absolute-urgency.html}
}

@online{DigitalSovereigntyWhen2025,
  title = {Digital sovereignty: when public actors move from words to action},
  shorttitle = {Digital sovereignty},
  date = {2025-10-22T18:03:27+00:00},
  url = {https://www.exoplatform.com/blog/digital-sovereignty-when-public-actors-move-from-words-to-action/},
  urldate = {2026-01-04},
  abstract = {The Polytechnique school suspends its migration to Microsoft 365. The state of Schleswig-Holstein in northern Germany gives up Microsoft tools in favor of open source alternatives. The Occitanie region is gradually freeing itself from GAFAM.},
  langid = {french},
  organization = {eXo Platform},
  file = {/Users/clement/Zotero/storage/5I5AB38V/digital-sovereignty-when-public-actors-move-from-words-to-action.html}
}

@online{EmployesGAFAMGros,
  title = {Les employés des GAFAM, plus gros contributeurs du logiciel libre},
  url = {https://www.polytechnique-insights.com/dossiers/digital/des-machines-et-des-hommes-les-defis-du-numerique/comment-les-geants-du-numerique-sapproprient-le-logiciel-libre/},
  urldate = {2026-01-04},
  abstract = {Découvrez dès maintenant l'épisode Les employés des GAFAM, plus gros contributeurs du logiciel libre sur Polytechnique Insights.},
  langid = {french},
  organization = {Polytechnique Insights},
  file = {/Users/clement/Zotero/storage/LR3UGVWT/comment-les-geants-du-numerique-sapproprient-le-logiciel-libre.html}
}

@online{FourRegneQuatre,
  title = {The four - Le règne des quatre - Scott Galloway},
  url = {https://www.babelio.com/livres/Galloway-The-four-Le-regne-des-quatre/1185863},
  urldate = {2026-01-05},
  abstract = {Critiques (3), citations, extraits de The four - Le règne des quatre de Scott Galloway. Intéressé par le sujet, l'approche comparatif des 4 cavaliers Américai...},
  langid = {french},
  organization = {Babelio},
  file = {/Users/clement/Zotero/storage/FLI6SIKZ/1185863.html}
}

@online{goziOpenSourceEducation2025,
  title = {Open source en éducation : avantages pour enseignants et élèves},
  shorttitle = {Open source en éducation},
  author = {Gozi, Simon},
  date = {2025-12-04T07:35:38+00:00},
  url = {https://www.regardsurlenumerique.fr/open-source-education-benefices/},
  urldate = {2026-01-04},
  abstract = {Découvrez comment l’open source révolutionne l’éducation en offrant aux enseignants et élèves des outils libres, innovants et accessibles.},
  langid = {french},
  organization = {Regards sur le numérique},
  file = {/Users/clement/Zotero/storage/PCCHJRDP/open-source-education-benefices.html}
}

@online{LiberteLogicielSon,
  title = {De La Liberté Du Logiciel et de Son Ouverture : Tour d’horizon et Perspectives},
  url = {https://www.academia.edu/1246995/De_la_libert%C3%A9_du_logiciel_et_de_son_ouverture_tour_d_horizon_et_perspectives?email_work_card=view-paper},
  urldate = {2026-01-27},
  file = {/Users/clement/Zotero/storage/EUSDZ85Y/De_la_liberté_du_logiciel_et_de_son_ouverture_tour_d_horizon_et_perspectives.html}
}

@online{OfficeGAFAM,
  title = {An {{Office}} without {{GAFAM}}?},
  url = {https://publication2023.bits-und-baeume.org/values-for-transformation/an-office-without-gafam/},
  urldate = {2026-01-04},
  file = {/Users/clement/Zotero/storage/G2ATCLCA/an-office-without-gafam.html}
}

@online{QuestceQueBig2023,
  title = {Qu’est-ce que la Big Tech ?},
  date = {2023-03-13T00:00:00+00:00},
  url = {https://brave.com/fr/glossary/big-tech/},
  urldate = {2026-02-10},
  abstract = {Il n’est pas toujours facile de saisir tous les enjeux de la confidentialité en ligne. Cette liste regroupe des définitions concises des principaux termes liés à la confidentialité et à Internet, tels que «~Big Tech~». Consultez le glossaire relatif à la confidentialité de Brave ici.},
  langid = {french},
  organization = {Brave},
  file = {/Users/clement/Zotero/storage/FBEW5SKQ/big-tech.html}
}

@online{redaccionHowWeProtect2024,
  title = {How Do We Protect Ourselves from Dependence on the Tech Giants?},
  author = {Redacción},
  date = {2024-09-04T06:04:00+02:00},
  url = {https://thediplomatinspain.com/en/2024/09/04/como-nos-defendemos-de-la-dependencia-de-los-gigantes-tecnologicos/},
  urldate = {2026-01-06},
  abstract = {A number of events illustrate the kind of world we are building and in which we are immersed. With these},
  langid = {american},
  organization = {thediplomatinspain.com},
  file = {/Users/clement/Zotero/storage/LJ2XIEYT/como-nos-defendemos-de-la-dependencia-de-los-gigantes-tecnologicos.html}
}

@article{shadrachDigitalDominancePower2019,
  title = {Digital {{Dominance}}: {{The Power}} of {{Google}}, {{Amazon}}, {{Facebook}}, and {{Apple}}},
  shorttitle = {Digital {{Dominance}}},
  author = {Shadrach, Basheerhamad},
  date = {2019-11-04},
  journaltitle = {The International Journal of Information, Diversity, \& Inclusion (IJIDI)},
  shortjournal = {IJIDI},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  issn = {2574-3430},
  doi = {10.33137/ijidi.v4i1.33062},
  url = {https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/ijidi/article/view/33062},
  urldate = {2026-01-27},
  abstract = {Book Review},
  file = {/Users/clement/Zotero/storage/3U7X7EVG/Shadrach - 2019 - Digital Dominance The Power of Google, Amazon, Facebook, and Apple.pdf}
}

@online{ValueOpenSource,
  title = {The {{Value}} of {{Open Source Software}} - {{Working Paper}} - {{Faculty}} \& {{Research}} - {{Harvard Business School}}},
  url = {https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=65230},
  urldate = {2026-01-04},
  file = {/Users/clement/Zotero/storage/ZD2JP334/The Value of Open Source Software - Working Paper - Faculty & Research - Harvard Business School.pdf;/Users/clement/Zotero/storage/V4ZBY9RQ/item.html}
}

@online{WhyDontYour2024,
  type = {Reddit Post},
  title = {Why Don't Your Companies Use {{Open Source}} Alternatives to the Big Players?},
  date = {2024-08-30T17:29:50},
  url = {https://www.reddit.com/r/webdev/comments/1f510gw/why_dont_your_companies_use_open_source/},
  urldate = {2026-01-04},
  organization = {r/webdev}
}